Trying to deal
functionally and effectively -- as well as compassionately and appropriately -- on a face-to-face basis with anyone suffering
from anxiety, depression, manic obsession, "righteous rage," compulsivity, delusionality,
dissociation or any other manifestation of mental illness is difficult enough.
Trying to do that with those one can neither see nor hear online is far more
challenging. But -- it seems to me after more than a decade of so-doing --
there are familiar concepts one can keep in mind (and "pull from the
scholastic shelf") to assist therein.
I've attempted here to
organize each of the ten concepts in terms of spectra (or continua) from
"higher" and more reality-tolerant to "lower" and more
defense-mechanism-engaging.
I am by NO means
suggesting that the list of ten is complete or that engagement thereof will be
foolproof. (I know better than that from repeated experience.) But it may
provide a platform for further development as well as a starting point for
those who try to deal with such as the survivors of severe levels of each of
six main types of child abuse and the behavioral upshots of the Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder induced thereby.
1) Jean Piaget's
"sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete and formal operational"
stages (to which I and others have proposed a stage of "magical
thinking" or "fantasy operational" in between pre-operational
and concrete operational).
2) Erik Erikson's functional "trust, autonomy, initiative, competence,
identity, intimacy, generativity and integrity" vs. dysfunctional dis-trust, helpless
dependency, inertia, incompetence (with shame), mystification, disengagement,
sloth and disintegration.
3) Lawrence Kohlberg's
three levels or moral development (each of which have two stages).
6) John Locke's, David
Hume's, Albert Ellis's, Aaron Beck's, Jiddu Krishnamurti's (and other
"cognitivists") largely belief-conditioned, -indoctrinated, -instructed, -habituated, -normalized and -bound vs. largely empirical,
looking-to-see, listening-to-hear, feeling-to-sense, un-bound, "what
just is" orientations. (The logical fallacies are common indicators of belief-binding. Can appraisal or evaluation strictly according to introjected belief ever be as accurate as appraisal or evaluation that is built at least partially on direct perception?)
7) Sigmund Freud's
"functional reality-testing" vs. "delusionally psychotic"
orientations, which indicates perceptual -- rather than merely cognitive -- distortion.
8) Louis Cozzolino's, Iain
McGilchrist's, et al's largely right-hemispheric, more emotional vs. largely
left-hemispheric and more intellectual dominance. (McGilchrist's The Master and His Emissary was vital reading on "right > left > right again" inter-hemispheric functionality for me in this regard.)
9) Immanuel Kant's, Theodore
Adorno's, Robert Altemeyer's and Jiddu Krishnamurti's largely
rational-empirical "intuitive" vs. largely
"direction-following" and often irrational dependence upon external
authority.
References
Theodor Adorno, Daniel
Levinson, et al: The Authoritarian Personality: Studies in Prejudice;
orig. pub, 1950, New York: W. W. Norton, 1993.
Altemeyer, R.: The
Authoritarian Specter, Boston: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Altemeyer, R.: The
Authoritarians, Charleston, SC: Lulu, 2006.
Beck, A.: Cognitive
Therapy and the Emotional Disorders, New York: Penguin-Meridian, 1976.
Beck, A.; Freeman,
A.: Cognitive Theory of the Personality Disorders, New York: Guilford
Press, 1990.
Beck, A.; Wright, F.;
Newman, C.; Liese, B.: Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse, New York: The
Guilford Press, 1993.
Beck, A.: Prisoners
Of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence, New York:
Harper-Collins, 1999.
Cozzolino, L.: The Neuroscience of
Psychotherapy: Building and Rebuilding the Human Brain, New York: W. W. Norton,
2002.
Ellis, A.; Harper,
R.: A Guide to Rational Living, North Hollywood, CA: Melvin Powers, 1961.
Ellis, A.; Becker,
I.: A Guide to Personal Happiness, North Hollywood, CA: Melvin Powers,
1982.
Ellis, A.; Dryden,
W.: The Practice of Rational Emotive Therapy, New York: Springer
Publishing Company, 1987.
Ellis, A.: Overcoming
Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational
Emotive Behavior Therapy, New York: Promethius Books, 2001.
Erikson, E.: Childhood
and Society, New York: W. W. Norton, 1950, 1967, 1993.
Erikson, E.: Identity
and the Life Cycle, New York: W. W. Norton, 1959, 1980.
Erikson, E.: The Problem
of Ego Identity, in Stein, M., et al: Identity and Anxiety, Glencoe,
IL: The Free Press, 1960.
Freud, S.: An Outline
of Psychoanalysis, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis,
1938.
Kohlberg, L.: The
Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral
Stages, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984.
Krishnamurti, J.; Huxley,
A.: The First & Last Freedom, San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco,
(1954) 1975.
Krishnamurti, J.: As
One Is: To Free the Mind from All Conditioning, Prescott AZ: Hohm Press, (1955)
2007.
Krishnamurti, J.; Luytens,
M.: Freedom from the Known, San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1969.
Krishnamurti, J.: Truth
and Actuality, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1978.
Locke, J.: An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding, Alexander Campbell Fraser, ed., Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1894.
McGilchrist, I.: The
Master and his Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World,
Cambridge, MA: Yale U. Press, 2011.
Piaget, J.: The
Origins of Intelligence in Children, New York: International University Press,
1936, 1952.
Prochaska, J.; DiClemente,
C.: Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change,
in Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, Vol. 19, No. 3,
1982.
Seligman, M.: Learned
Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life, New York: Knopf, 1990.