Thursday, April 28, 2016

Critical Thinking, Logical Fallacies & the 10 StEPs

Because our most of the people around us used them, most of us grew up having been conditioned, socialized, habituated and normalized to many forms of logical fallacies.

Irrational, illogical, delusional thinking wouldn't be a problem if it didn't -- as heaps of cognitive research have shown -- cause so much communication difficulty, anxiety, depression and general grief. See, for example, this article

Those who go to college to major in science subjects are required to take a course in critical thinking. Many who take that course come to see, hear and otherwise sense how they were normalized to logical fallacies... and develop the ability to see through them. 

Moreover, the cognitive movement in psychotherapy that began in the 1950s with Albert Ellis developed very effective new forms of therapy built on critical thinking to --as is done with the 10 StEPs of Emotion Processing -- observe to notice to recognize to acknowledge to accept to own to appreciate to understand to digest, discharge and overcome the emotional and behavioral effects of those logical fallacies. 

Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy was the first of the "cognitive-behavioral therapies" or CBTs, and it is still far and away the most effective for many who really get into it. 

Ellis's ten most significant logical fallacies are listed below (as well as at this web page). The page numbers are from Ellis's best-selling book, A Guide to Rational Living.

"One must have love or approval from all the significant people in one's life (101).

"One absolutely must be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving or must be competent or talented in some important area (115).

"Other people absolutely must not act obnoxiously and unfairly, and, that when they do, one should blame and damn them, and see them as bad, wicked, or rotten individuals (127).

"One has to see things as being awful, terrible, and catastrophic when one is seriously frustrated or treated unfairly (139).

"One must be miserable when one has pressures and difficult experiences and has little ability to control, and cannot change, one's disturbed feelings (155).

"If something is dangerous or fearsome, one must obsess about it and frantically try to escape from it (163).

"One can easily avoid facing many difficulties and self-responsibilities and still lead a highly fulfilling existence (177).

"One's past remains all-important, and because something once strongly influenced one's life, it has to keep determining one's feelings and behavior today (187).

"It is awful and horrible is one cannot change life's grim facts to suit one's requirements (197).

"One can achieve maximum happiness by inertia and inaction or by passively and un-committedly enjoying oneself (207)."

When I began to observe, notice, recognize, acknowledge, accept, own, appreciate and understand these some time ago, my life began to change really fast. 

For if one can see, hear and sense how one's logical fallacies effect one's emotions and behaviors, one is greatly more empowered by reality to make major changes in their lives. 

It's not our inner children's (see Berne, and Harris) fault. They did not ask to be in-struct-ed, trained, socialized, conditioned, habituated and normalized to thinking the way most people do in the working class culture. And they were certainly not born that way. 

But what I learned was that if I wanted to develop a functional and effective, okay inner parent (see Berne, and Harris) to take care of the boys on my bus, I would have to learn about and be mindful of the logical fallacies those boys were taught to believe.

See other articles on the 10 StEPs at...

The 10 StEPs of Emotion Processing

The 10 StEPs and the Consensus Trance

The 10 StEPs for Dysfunctional Ego Defenses

The 10 StEPs & Ogden's Sensorimotor Processing

References & Resources

Berne, E.: Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy, New York: Random House, 1961.

Berne, E.: Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships / The Basic Handbook of Transactional Analysis, San Francisco: Grove Press, 1964, 1996.

Ellis, A.; Harper, R.: A Guide to Rational Living, North Hollywood, CA: Melvin Powers, 1961.

Ellis, A.; Becker, I.: A Guide to Personal Happiness, North Hollywood, CA: Melvin Powers, 1982.

Ellis, A.; Dryden, W.: The Practice of Rational Emotive Therapy, New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1987.

Ellis, A.: Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, New York: Promethius Books, 2001.

Harris, T.: I’m Okay—You’re Okay, New York: Harper and Row, 1968.

Ruggiero, V. R.: Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking, 4th Ed., Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing, 1995.


© 2016 by Rodger Garrett; all rights reserved. Links are permitted. Please contact not.moses@outlook.com with comments or questions. Thank you.

Thursday, April 7, 2016

The 10 StEPs for Recovery from the Consensus Trance

Preface from Arthur Deikman in The Observing Self (1982):

“So habitual is the trance of ordinary life that one could say that human beings are a race that sleeps and awakens, but does not awaken fully. Because half-awake is sufficient for the tasks we customarily do, few of us are aware of the dysfunction of our condition[ing]. Moments of more complete awakening do occur, but the consensus of the group and [our] automatic functioning… make such phenomena transient curiosities rather than urgent signals the something is [lacking in] the ‘normal’ state. 

“[Just] as a child is unaware of the more comprehensive awareness of an adult, the adult is unaware of the more extensive awareness of the person who has developed to another level.”

Put another way – and using what may be a more palatable word than “trance” – Consensus Consciousness is nothing more exotic or strange than the effect of being surrounded by others who have been similarly conditioned, instructed, indoctrinated, socialized, habituated, imprinted and/or normalized to see, hear, feel and sense what comes into their perception in a way that is not always consonant with what is actually there.

But encapsulated in that description is the notion that what one thinks one sees, hears, feels and senses may well be waaaaay off the actual mark if one’s conditioning, etc., grossly distorts their perceptions… as is the case, for example, among members of bizarre New Age, “human potential” and religious cults.

Socialization, Normalization and Consensus Consciousness

Radical as some of these notions may seem to the vast majority of us who were in-struct-ed, conditionedsocialized, habituated, normalized and institutionalized to consensus consciousness, the following facts seem more than supportable for one who has used the most research-proven and widely-accepted techniques of clinical psychology to overcome such conditioning, etc., and seen the same methods “work” in hundreds of others

1) The empirical evidence that supports the cognitive basis of psychopathology (as well as the use of the cognitive psychotherapies to treat it) is overwhelming: Most people who suffer from depression, anxiety, mania, neurosispsychosis, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder and various personality disorders do so because they believe things to be the way they are not... and fail to see, hear, feel and otherwise sense the way things actually are.

2) Virtually everyone is at least somewhat disconnected from actual reality via use of various "defense mechanisms." These defense mechanisms are built on beliefs, ideas, ideals,  assumptions, presumptions, convictions, misunderstandings, fantasies, prejudices, instructions, commands, rules, regulations, requirements... many of which have become relatively normalized in the common culture as the result of parental, peer and other behavioral modeling in the so-called “echo chambers” of Berger & Luckman’s Social Construction of Reality

3) Emotional distress has been linked by researchers since Aaron Beck et al specific collections of such belief-based defense mechanisms, aka "cognitive distortions." These defense mechanisms may have been acquired to "protect" us from actual threats of physical, verbal and/or emotional abuse (e.g.: criticism, devaluation, invalidation, covert control, cynical manipulation, intimidation, bullying, battery, rape) or abandonment (e.g.: rejection, neglect, being ignored, being marginalized, being "excommunicated"). But they often set up "feedback loops" of compensatory beliefs, emotions and dysfunctional behavior that cause more problems in never-ending cycles of uncomfortable emotions and ineffective efforts to avoid them.  


4) People who have "psychological problems" tend not to realize, recognize, acknowledge, accept, own, appreciate or understand that their behaviors -- and the beliefs that drive those behaviors -- are the cause of their emotional suffering, including frustration, resentment, anger, worry, anxiety, sadness, regret, remorse, guilt, shame and grief. 


5) Most people who have "psychological problems" were innocently conditioned, taught, trained, socialized, habituated, accustomed and normalized to believe that they are entirely responsible for their mental illness... or that other external forces are entirely responsible. They are not able to see, hear or otherwise sense that neither circumstance is absolutely or totally the cause.


6) Most people who suffer from depression, anxiety, mania, neurosis, psychosis, addiction, suppression, repression and/or dissociation, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder and various personality disorders will begin to recover from such difficulties as they begin to observe to notice to recognize to acknowledge to accept to own to appreciate to understand that they believe things to be the way they are not... and fail to see, hear and otherwise sense the way things actually are.


7) Most people who suffer from depression, anxiety, mania, neurosis, psychosis, addiction, suppression, repression and/or dissociation, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder and various personality disorders will almost wholly transcend such difficulties when they are consistently and reliably able to see, hear and otherwise sense the way things actually are, as well as see, hear and otherwise sense the way things are believed to be in the consensus trance. 

Understanding the Issues

Firstly, we need to define some relevant terms as to what they actually mean with respect to unobservable mental operations and the effects of those operations on observable sensations, feelings, emotions and behavior.

Grasp of the definitions is helpful (some say "crucial") for those who wish to escape from the painful effects of the unconscious beliefs, thoughts, ideas, instructions, codes, rules, regulations, requirements, assumptions, presumptions, prejudices in their minds. Beliefs, thoughts, instructions, etc., that influence the interpretations, evaluations, appraisals, analyses, assessments, judgments and attributions of meaning that govern their emotions and behaviors.   

So, let's start with Tart's concept of "consensus consciousness."

Together, human groups agree on which of their perceptions should be admitted to awareness (hence, consensus), then they train each other to see the world in that way and only in that way (hence trance).”

Above from http://www.cantrip.org/charles_tart.html -- which should definitely be at least scanned before one moves on here -- as well as http://www.amazon.com/Charles-T.-Tart/e/B000AQ4UXCFor a truly complete grasp of the concept, however, I recommend Tart’s magnum opus, Waking Up: Overcoming the Obstacles to Human Potential, originally published by Shambala in 1986. 

socialization

a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position.

above from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/socialization

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

above from https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/socialization

the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating normscustomsvalues and ideologies

above from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization

authority

the power to give orders or make decisions : the power or right to direct or control someone or something

the confident quality of someone who knows a lot about something or who is respected or obeyed by other people

a quality that makes something seem true or real 

power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavior 

groundswarrant <had excellent authority for believing the claim>; convincing force <lent authority to the performance>

above from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/authority

social proof

psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. This effect is prominent in ambiguous social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that surrounding people possess more knowledge about the situation.

above from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_proof

Social proof is the concept that people will conform to the actions of others under the assumption that those actions are reflective of the correct behavior.

above from https://blog.bufferapp.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-social-proof

normalization

...social processes through which ideas and actions come to be seen as "normal" and become taken-for-granted or 'natural' in everyday life. ... the construction of an idealized norm of conduct. The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform to choices which may be either correct or mistaken, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as herd behavior.

above from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)

paradigm

...a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something.

above from https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/paradigm

a model or pattern for something that may be copied

a theory or a group of ideas about how something should be done, made, or thought about

a philosophical and theoretical framework of a school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated; 

broadly:  a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind

above from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradigm

a framework containing the basic assumptions, ways of thinking, and methodology that are commonly accepted by members of a community. 

such a cognitive framework shared by members of any discipline or group

above from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/paradigm

consensus

general agreement... "a consensus of opinion among judges" ... synonyms: agreementharmony, concurrence, accordunityunanimitysolidarity 

a formal concord: "there was consensus among delegates" ... general opinion, majority opinion, common view: "the consensus was that they should act"

general agreement :  unanimity

the judgment arrived at by most of those concerned 

group solidarity in sentiment and belief

above from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consensus

majority of opinion: The consensus of the group was that they should meet twice a month.

general agreement or concord; harmony.

above from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/consensus

a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people: The general consensus in the office is that he can't do his job. Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let's take a vote. We were unable toreach a consensus about membership fees. There is little consensus about theissue of smacking children. We managed to get a consensus about not smoking in the office.

above from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/consensus

consciousness

the normal state of being awake and able to understand what is happening around you

a person's mind and thoughts

knowledge that is shared by a group of people

above from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consciousness

What consensus is NOT:

empirical evidence

based on testing or experience

originating in or based on observation or experience <empirical data>

relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory <an empirical basis for the theory>

capable of being verified or disproved by observation or experiment<empirical laws>

above from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/empirical

Relying on or derived from observation or experiment: empirical results that supported the hypothesis.

Verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment: empirical laws.

Guided by practical experience and not theory, especially in medicine.

above from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/empirical

"...a collective term for the knowledge or source of knowledge acquired by means of the senses, particularly by observation and experimentation ...  information that justifies a belief in the truth or falsity of a claim ... observation, experience, and experiment serve as neutral arbiters between competing theories..."

above from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

What consensus consciousness is NOT:

perception

the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. "the normal limits to human perception"

the state of being or process of becoming aware of something through the senses. "the perception of pain"

synonyms: recognitionawarenessconsciousnessappreciationrealization, knowledgegraspunderstandingcomprehensionapprehension;

formal cognizance

Though the word "perception" is confusingly misused in the vernacular to mean the exact opposite

a way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something; a mental impression. "Hollywood's perception of the tastes of the American public"

synonyms: impressionideaconceptionnotionthoughtbeliefjudgmentestimation

Clearly, the first two definition and list of synonyms above refer to empirical process, while the latter definition and list of synonyms refers to the operation of rational -- and verbal symbolic -- thought processes that often have little, if anything, to do with empirical observation.

above from https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#safe=off&q=perception+definition

a result of perceiving :  observation (see perceive)

a mental image :  concept

obsolete :  consciousness

awareness of the elements of environment through physical sensation<color perception>

physical sensation interpreted in the light of experience

quick, acute, and intuitive cognition :  appreciation

a capacity for comprehension

above from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/perception

the act or faculty of perceiving, or apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding.

immediate or intuitive recognition or appreciation, as of moral, psychological, or aesthetic qualities; insight; intuition; discernment:

an artist of rare perception.

the result or product of perceiving, as distinguished from the act of perceiving; percept.

Psychology. a single unified awareness derived from sensory processes while a stimulus is present.

above from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/perception

Linking the Definitions Together

Now that we have the definitions down, we can proceed with connecting the dots between them more or less as the authors listed at the end hereof have done (at least partially) over the last 75 years.

Is it evident yet that if one is unaware of and/or does not accurately understand the concepts of...

1) authority,

2) social proof,

3) socialization,

4) normalization,

5) paradigm, 

6) consensus,

7) consciousness,

8) empirical evidence (or lack thereof), and

9) accurate perception (or lack thereof)...

that it is likely that one will

1) not only be unable to grasp the meaning and implications of consensus consciousness, one will also...

2) be very likely to be unable to see beyond or outside the paradigm (or "box") of consensus consciousness?

Because if one relies on unexamined authority, social proof, consensus and unconscious paradigms to the exclusion of accurate perception and (resulting) empirical evidence, one can expect to be socialized and normalized to the "consciousness" (or paradigms) of those who establish, control and maintain the consensus. For example,

1) If one identifies oneself as a fan of a particular type of popular music and relies on social proof, consensus and paradigms from within that music culture to the exclusion of accurate perception and (resulting) empirical evidence, one can expect to agree with any new version of reality offered by a peer or authority from that musical culture.

2) If one is a member of a particular religious sect and relies on social proof, consensus and paradigms from within the sect culture to the exclusion of accurate perception and (resulting) empirical evidence, one can expect to agree with any new version of reality offered by a sect member or authority.

3) If one is a member of a particular political party and relies on social proof, consensus and paradigms from within the party culture to the exclusion of accurate perception and (resulting) empirical evidence, one can expect to agree with any new version of reality offered by a party peer or party.

In fact, if one identifies consciously or unconsciously with any particular group or culture, one can expect to agree with, support and act upon the points of view expressed by peers and authorities from within that cultural paradigm regardless of whether what they assert is factual or not. That is the nature of social proof.

The upshots of unconscious reliance upon authority, social proof and unconscious paradigm without resort to accurate perception and/or empirical evidence is that one may believe in gross falsehoods. And if one relies habitually on authority, social proof and unconscious paradigm, it is likely that he or she will slip into the paradigm of the consensus trance.

That wouldn't be a problem if the beliefs, thoughts, instructions, codes, rules, regulations, requirements, assumptions, presumptions, and prejudices commonly found in the consensus trance were (even relatively) accurate. But those beliefs, etc., are so often at least partially misleading and sometime just plain grossly erroneous that relying upon them as guides to functional behavior is patently risky.

How can one tell if one is too far IN to the consensus trance?

Based on observing hundreds of people who had fallen into the paradigm of consensus consciousness for more than 35 years (since I studied my own way out of a large group awareness cult in the 1970s and then recovered from alcohol and drug addiction in the 1980s), I have to assert the following:

1) There will be times when life will be unnecessarily painful.

2) One will experience a great deal of emotionally loaded mental conflict because they have beliefs that do not square with each other, or with empirical, observable reality. 

3) One will repeat the same mistakes again and again expecting different results.

4) So-called "intimate" relationships will not be, and they will either crumble... or continue with relentless emotional discomfort.

How can one get out of the consensus trance?

Any of several cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based cognitive psychotherapies will be helpful, including those listed immediately below:

DialecticalBehavior Therapy

Acceptance & Commitment Therapy

Mind-BodyBridging Therapy

Mindfulness-BasedCognitive Therapy

RationalEmotive Behavioral Therapy

CognitiveBehavioral Therapy

SchemaTherapy

But it has been my experience with the use of all of these psychotherapies that...

1) they only produce the desired, emotion-relieving results so long as they continue to be used at least every few days,

2) the skills one acquires from these therapies may be too complex to recall and/or accurately utilize after even a few weeks of disuse, and

3) the skills are usually grossly under-utilized to deal with the challenges in patients' lives which they do not see as "psychological."

I began to observe to notice to recognize to acknowledge to accept to own to appreciate to understand, both conceptually and experientially, that this was the case several years ago. Some time later (while I was studying the "non-traditional" psychotherapeutic techniques used many years ago by Siddartha Gautama, George Gurdjieff and Jiddu Krishnamurti in relationship to family and cultural influences on the development of schizophrenia) I began formulate a solution. 

As did the Buddha, Gurdjieff and Krishnamurti with their methods, I began to use those 10 StEPs of Emotion Processing myself, refine them... and then to teach them to others.

One can read about the simple method -- and even pretty much learn how to use it at no charge -- at the following links.

The 10 StEPs of Emotion Processing components of Choiceless Awareness for Emotion Processing

The 10 StEPs combined with Sensorimotor Processing Psychotherapy

A Program of Recovery for the Survivor of Religious Cult Abuse

SIQR, the 10 StEPs & Recovery from Religious Trauma Syndrome: A How-to Guide


Resources

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Beck, A.: Prisoners Of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence, New York: Harper-Collins, 1999.

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Block, S.; Block, C.: Mind-Body Workbook for Anger, Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2013.

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Cooper, M.: Existential Therapies, London: Sage Publications, 2003.

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Davidson, R.; Lutz, A.: Buddha’s Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation, in IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan 2008.

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Deikman, A.: Meditations on a Blue Vase (Collected Papers), Napa CA: Fearless Books, 2014.

Deikman, A.: Them and Us: Cult Thinking and the Terrorist Threat, Berkeley CA: Bay Tree, 2003.

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Ellis, A.; Harper, R.: A Guide to Rational Living, North Hollywood, CA: Melvin Powers, 1961.

Ellis, A.; Becker, I.: A Guide to Personal Happiness, North Hollywood, CA: Melvin Powers, 1982.

Ellis, A.; Dryden, W.: The Practice of Rational Emotive Therapy, New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1987.

Ellis, A.: Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, New York: Promethius Books, 2001.

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Ellul, J.: Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, orig. pub. 1965; New York: Vintage, 1973.

Esterson, A.: The Leaves of Spring: Schizophrenia, Family and Sacrifice, London: Tavistock, 1972.

Esterson, A.; Cooper, D.; Laing, R.; Results of Family-oriented Therapy with Hospitalized Schizophrenics, in British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, 1965. 

Ewen, S.: Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture, orig. pub. 1976, New York: Basic Books, 2001.

Ewen, S.: All Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture, orig. pub. 1988, New York: Basic Books, 1990.

Ewen, S.: PR!: A Social History of Spin, New York: Basic Books, 1996.

Flavell, J.: Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry, in American Psychologist, Vol. 34, No. 10, Oct 1979.

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Freud, A.: The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1937.

Fromm, E.: Escape from Freedom, New York: Avon, 1965.

Fruzzetti, A.; Shenk, C.; Hoffman, P.: Family interaction and the development of borderline personality disorder: A transactional model, in Development and Pathology, Vol. 17, 2005. 

Galanter, M.: Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion, New York: Guilford Press, 1989.

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